young adult  (ATCC)

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Glatiramer acetate stimulates phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli by macrophages and microglial cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1761044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose- and time-dependent phagocytosis of E. coli by peritoneal macrophages ( (A) n = 18) and microglia ( (B) , n = 9–14) isolated from young adult C57BL/6 mice. Macrophages (A) and microglial cells (B) were stimulated for 24 h by 1–300 µg/mL GA (blue) or 0.01 µg/mL LPS as a positive control (dark gray). (C) Peritoneal macrophages were stimulated by 30 µg/mL GA for 1–120 h ( n = 9). Then, E. coli was co-incubated with eukaryotic cells for 60 min, and extracellular bacteria were killed by the addition of gentamicin for 60 min (antibiotic protection assay). The number of intracellular bacteria (colony forming units = CFU) was determined by quantitative plating on blood agar. Data are expressed as medians (25th/75th quartiles). Median phagocytosis of unstimulated cells in each individual experiment was defined as 100% (ns, not significantly different; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple-comparisons test).

Article Snippet: Mice: Female young adult C57BL/6 mice (2–4 months, mean age 10.5 weeks) and old mice (20 months) were purchased from Charles River (Wilmington, USA) and kept at the Central Animal Care Facility, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), at a day–night cycle of 12 h, constant room temperature of 20°C, and moisture of 55% with free access to food and water.

Techniques: Isolation, Positive Control, Incubation, Bacteria

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Glatiramer acetate stimulates phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli by macrophages and microglial cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1761044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intracellular killing of E. coli by peritoneal macrophages from young adult C57BL/6 ( (A, B) ; n = 9 to 10) and microglia prepared from newborn C57BL/6 mice ( (C, D) ; n = 8). Eukaryotic cells were co-incubated for 24 h with 30 (peritoneal macrophages) or 100 (microglia) µg/mL GA or 0.01 µg/mL LPS as a positive control. The number of intracellular bacteria was determined after 60 min of phagocytosis, followed by 60, 120, and 180 min of incubation with gentamicin to kill extracellular bacteria (A, C) . Median phagocytosis of unstimulated cells in each individual experiment was defined as 100%, and the percentage of intracellular bacteria at 180 min was subtracted from the percentage of intracellular bacteria at 60 min of gentamicin treatment (B, D) . Data are expressed as medians (25th/75th quartiles). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple-comparisons test.

Article Snippet: Mice: Female young adult C57BL/6 mice (2–4 months, mean age 10.5 weeks) and old mice (20 months) were purchased from Charles River (Wilmington, USA) and kept at the Central Animal Care Facility, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), at a day–night cycle of 12 h, constant room temperature of 20°C, and moisture of 55% with free access to food and water.

Techniques: Incubation, Positive Control, Bacteria

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Glatiramer acetate stimulates phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli by macrophages and microglial cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1761044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ex vivo phagocytosis of E. coli by peritoneal macrophages from young adult mice was increased after in vivo treatment of mice with GA (blue). The increase of phagocytosis induced by GA depended on the presence of interleukin (IL) 10: in macrophages prepared from IL10-deficient mice, in vivo treatment of mice with GA did not stimulate phagocytosis (red). The 8-week-old male mice received subcutaneous injections of 150 µg GA per mouse once per day for five consecutive days. Then, peritoneal macrophages were isolated and cultivated for 24 h to perform an antibiotic protection assay as described in Figure 1 . Data are expressed as medians (25th/75th quartiles). * p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple-comparisons test; each group n = 5; BL6 = C57BL/6; IL10-/-, macrophages prepared from IL10-deficient mice.

Article Snippet: Mice: Female young adult C57BL/6 mice (2–4 months, mean age 10.5 weeks) and old mice (20 months) were purchased from Charles River (Wilmington, USA) and kept at the Central Animal Care Facility, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), at a day–night cycle of 12 h, constant room temperature of 20°C, and moisture of 55% with free access to food and water.

Techniques: Ex Vivo, In Vivo, Isolation